Prompt 1: What are the minimal conditions for a stable economy according to most economists?
A definition of Economic Stability should survive the hard cases.
The opening pressure is to make Economic Stability precise enough that disagreement can land on the issue itself rather than on a blur of half-meanings.
The central claim is this: The conditions for a stable economy, as broadly agreed upon by economists, include several key elements.
The anchors here are Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is, Entrepreneurship, and Arbitrage. Together they tell the reader what is being claimed, where it is tested, and what would change if the distinction holds. If the reader cannot say what confusion would result from merging those anchors, the section still needs more work.
This first move lays down the vocabulary and stakes for Economic Stability. It gives the reader something firm enough to carry into the later prompts, so the page can deepen rather than circle.
At this stage, the gain is not memorizing the conclusion but learning to think with Some economists suggest that high economic, Entrepreneurship, and Arbitrage. The definition matters only if it changes what the reader would count as evidence, confusion, misuse, or progress. The economic pressure is incentives: moral hope, policy design, and human behavior have to be held in the same field of view.
The added editorial insight is that a definition becomes philosophical when it disciplines use. It should tell the reader what would count as a misuse of Economic Stability, not merely what the term roughly means.
One honest test after reading is whether the reader can use Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is to sort a live borderline case or answer a serious objection about Economic Stability. A good definition should change how the reader classifies borderline cases, not only restate familiar usage. That keeps the page tied to what the topic clarifies and what it asks the reader to hold apart rather than leaving it as a detached summary.
Inflation erodes purchasing power and can lead to uncertainty among consumers and investors. Economists generally agree that low and stable inflation is critical for economic stability, allowing individuals and businesses to make long-term plans with confidence.
While public debt can be used to finance investments and stimulate the economy during downturns, unsustainable levels of debt can lead to financial instability. Economists argue for managing public debt to levels that are sustainable in the long term, ensuring that it does not hinder economic growth or lead to fiscal crises.
The stability of financial institutions and markets is crucial for preventing financial crises. Effective regulation helps manage risk and ensures that the financial system can support economic activity without leading to excessive speculation or instability.
High levels of employment contribute to economic stability by ensuring that a significant portion of the population is earning income and capable of consuming goods and services. Employment stability also supports social stability, which is essential for a stable economy.
Political stability and effective governance contribute to economic stability by providing a predictable environment for investment and consumption. Policies that support the rule of law, property rights, and the efficient delivery of public services are important for maintaining confidence among both domestic and international investors.
While not all economies need to have a balanced trade account, running very large deficits or surpluses for extended periods can lead to instability. Economies should aim for a level of external balances that does not expose them to sudden stops in financing or other external shocks.
Economies that can adapt to changes in the global market tend to be more stable. This includes having flexible labor markets, competitive industries that can innovate, and the ability to shift resources to more productive uses.
Central banks play a crucial role in maintaining economic stability through the management of interest rates and the money supply. Sound monetary policy aims to manage inflation, support economic growth, and stabilize financial markets.
Businesses and individuals need to feel confident that their ownership of property (physical and intellectual) will be respected by the legal system. This reduces risk and encourages investment.
If the price of goods and services is constantly rising, it makes it difficult for businesses and consumers to plan for the future. This discourages investment and economic activity.
High levels of government debt can lead to higher taxes or inflation, both of which can harm the economy.
A well-educated population with relevant skills is necessary for innovation and economic growth.
Roads, bridges, communication systems, etc. are essential for businesses to function efficiently.
Trade allows economies to specialize in what they do best and benefit from a wider variety of goods and services.
- Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is necessary for investment and entrepreneurship.
- Entrepreneurship: The economic question is what this factor changes in incentives, tradeoffs, and the distribution of costs or benefits.
- Arbitrage: The economic question is what this factor changes in incentives, tradeoffs, and the distribution of costs or benefits.
- Considerations: The economic question is what this factor changes in incentives, tradeoffs, and the distribution of costs or benefits.
- Central distinction: Economic Stability helps separate what otherwise becomes compressed inside Economic Stability.
Prompt 2: Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is necessary for investment and entrepreneurship. Please elaborate on this notion, especially in respect to the conditions you provided above.
Economic Stability becomes useful only when its standards are clear.
The opening pressure is to make Economic Stability precise enough that disagreement can land on the issue itself rather than on a blur of half-meanings.
The central claim is this: Economic predictability is a cornerstone for investment and entrepreneurship.
The anchors here are Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is, Entrepreneurship, and Arbitrage. Together they tell the reader what is being claimed, where it is tested, and what would change if the distinction holds. If the reader cannot say what confusion would result from merging those anchors, the section still needs more work.
This middle step prepares the advantages unpredictability offers entrepreneurship and arbitrage. It keeps the earlier pressure alive while turning the reader toward the next issue that has to be faced.
At this stage, the gain is not memorizing the conclusion but learning to think with Some economists suggest that high economic, Entrepreneurship, and Arbitrage. The question should remain open enough for revision but structured enough that disagreement is not mere drift. The economic pressure is incentives: moral hope, policy design, and human behavior have to be held in the same field of view.
One honest test after reading is whether the reader can use Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is to sort a live borderline case or answer a serious objection about Economic Stability. The answer should leave the reader with a concrete test, contrast, or objection to carry into the next case. That keeps the page tied to what the topic clarifies and what it asks the reader to hold apart rather than leaving it as a detached summary.
Predictable inflation rates allow businesses to plan for costs, pricing, and investments without the fear of sudden inflationary spikes that could erode profit margins and purchasing power. For entrepreneurs, stable prices mean that the real value of debt remains predictable, which is crucial for financing new ventures.
A sustainable level of public debt signals to investors and entrepreneurs that the government has its finances under control, reducing the risk of sudden tax increases or cuts in public services that could affect business operations and consumer demand.
Predictable regulation ensures that financial markets function smoothly, with lower risks of systemic crises that can freeze credit and erode confidence. For entrepreneurs and investors, knowing that the financial system is robust encourages the commitment of capital to new ventures and investments.
Stability in employment levels supports consistent consumer demand, which is critical for businesses planning their sales, growth, and expansion. Predictable demand helps in assessing the viability of new businesses or expansions of existing ones.
A predictable political climate reduces uncertainty regarding future policies, regulatory changes, and government stability. This predictability is vital for long-term investments and business strategies, as sudden political shifts can alter the economic landscape dramatically.
Predictability in trade policies and external balances allows businesses to plan for imports and exports without fearing sudden changes in tariffs, trade barriers, or currency valuations. For entrepreneurs, understanding the international landscape is key to identifying opportunities and risks in global markets.
Knowing that the economy can adapt to changes ensures that investments made today will not become obsolete tomorrow. Predictability in how markets evolve and adapt influences decisions on where to invest, particularly in sectors prone to rapid change.
Confidence in the central bank’s ability to manage inflation and support economic growth influences expectations about the future economic environment. Predictable monetary policy helps in making informed decisions about borrowing, lending, and investing.
When these are predictable, businesses know their investments are protected, making them more likely to take risks on new ventures. Unexpected legal changes or a weak enforcement system can create uncertainty and discourage investment.
If businesses can predict inflation with some certainty, they can plan their pricing strategies and resource allocation more effectively. This predictability encourages investment in long-term projects with future returns.
When government debt is predictable and under control, businesses can be more confident about future tax rates and the overall economic climate. This allows them to plan for the long term and make investment decisions with a clearer picture.
While not minimal requirements, predictable investments in education and infrastructure create a more predictable future talent pool and business environment. This allows entrepreneurs to plan for their resource needs and make informed investment decisions.
A completely predictable economy might stifle innovation as there’s less incentive to take risks on new ideas.
Economies are influenced by many external factors, so complete predictability is impossible.
- Predictability fosters a stable and positive business environment: The economic question is what this factor changes in incentives, tradeoffs, and the distribution of costs or benefits.
- Entrepreneurs are more likely to take calculated risks and innovate when they have a clearer picture of the economic landscape.
- Central distinction: Economic Stability helps separate what otherwise becomes compressed inside Economic Stability.
- Best charitable version: The idea has to be made strong enough that criticism reaches the real view rather than a caricature.
- Pressure point: The vulnerability lies where the idea becomes ambiguous, overextended, or dependent on background assumptions.
Prompt 3: Elaborate on the advantages unpredictability offers entrepreneurship and arbitrage.
The advantages unpredictability offers entrepreneurship and arbitrage: practical stakes and consequences.
The section turns on Considerations. Each piece is doing different work, and the page becomes thinner if the reader cannot say what is being identified, what is being tested, and what would change if one piece were removed.
The central claim is this: While predictability in the economy is generally prized for fostering a stable environment for investment and entrepreneurship, unpredictability can also offer unique advantages, particularly in the realms of entrepreneurship and arbitrage.
The anchors here are The advantages unpredictability offers entrepreneurship and arbitrage, Considerations, and Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is. Together they tell the reader what is being claimed, where it is tested, and what would change if the distinction holds. If the reader cannot say what confusion would result from merging those anchors, the section still needs more work.
This middle step keeps the sequence honest. It takes the pressure already on the table and turns it toward the next distinction rather than letting the page break into separate mini-essays.
At this stage, the gain is not memorizing the conclusion but learning to think with The advantages unpredictability offers, Some economists suggest that high economic, and Entrepreneurship. The question should remain open enough for revision but structured enough that disagreement is not mere drift. The economic pressure is incentives: moral hope, policy design, and human behavior have to be held in the same field of view.
One honest test after reading is whether the reader can use the advantages unpredictability offers entrepreneurship and arbitrage to sort a live borderline case or answer a serious objection about Economic Stability. The answer should leave the reader with a concrete test, contrast, or objection to carry into the next case. That keeps the page tied to what the topic clarifies and what it asks the reader to hold apart rather than leaving it as a detached summary.
Unpredictable markets can create gaps where traditional services and products fail to meet consumer needs or where new needs emerge rapidly. Entrepreneurs can leverage these gaps to innovate and disrupt existing markets with novel solutions, gaining a competitive edge.
Unpredictable environments reward businesses that are agile and adaptable, capable of pivoting quickly in response to new information or changing conditions. This can be a significant advantage for startups that are typically more flexible than larger, more established firms.
In times of uncertainty, consumer behaviors and needs can change quickly, opening opportunities for rapid growth to businesses that can meet these new demands swiftly and effectively.
Unpredictability can unsettle established players, creating openings for new entrants. Entrepreneurs who can navigate or even thrive in uncertain environments may find it easier to enter and establish a foothold in markets that might be more difficult to penetrate during stable periods.
Arbitrage opportunities are often more plentiful and profitable in unpredictable markets. Price discrepancies between markets or assets can become more pronounced, allowing arbitrageurs to profit from the differences before they are corrected.
In an unpredictable economic environment, information becomes a valuable commodity. Those who can acquire, interpret, or predict information faster or more accurately than others can exploit these asymmetries for arbitrage opportunities.
Unpredictability allows for a wider range of arbitrage strategies, including those based on geopolitical events, sudden market shifts, or emerging trends. This diversification can lead to more opportunities and reduce the risk of relying on a single arbitrage strategy.
From a broader perspective, arbitrage plays a critical role in improving market efficiency, especially in unpredictable times. By taking advantage of price discrepancies, arbitrageurs help bring prices into alignment across different markets, contributing to the overall functioning of the financial system.
Unforeseen events or changes in consumer behavior can create gaps in the market. Entrepreneurs who can identify these gaps quickly and develop solutions can find themselves with a first-mover advantage. For instance, the rise of remote work due to the pandemic created a demand for new collaboration tools and virtual office solutions, which enterprising startups were quick to capitalize on.
Unpredictable events can sometimes disrupt existing industries and create entirely new markets. Entrepreneurs who can adapt and leverage these disruptions can find significant success. For example, the rise of ride-sharing apps like Uber and Lyft disrupted the traditional taxi industry, creating a whole new market for on-demand transportation.
In a stable, predictable market, established players often have a strong foothold. Unpredictability can shake things up, creating opportunities for new entrants to challenge the status quo and gain market share. This can be especially true in technology sectors where innovation happens rapidly.
Unpredictable events can cause temporary price inefficiencies in different markets. Arbitrageurs can exploit these discrepancies by buying low in one market and selling high in another, profiting from the price difference. For example, a sudden news event might temporarily cause the price of a stock to dip in one market, while remaining stable in another. An arbitrageur could capitalize on this by buying the stock in the first market and quickly selling it in the second for a profit.
Unpredictable changes in regulations, consumer preferences, or supply chains can create new arbitrage opportunities. Arbitrageurs who can adapt quickly and identify these changes can find profitable niches in the market. For example, a change in import tariffs might make it cheaper to source a product from a new location, creating an arbitrage opportunity for those who can identify and exploit it.
While unpredictability can create opportunities, it also increases risk. Entrepreneurs and arbitrageurs need to be adaptable and have a high tolerance for risk to succeed in this environment.
Many arbitrage opportunities are short-lived, as markets become more efficient and price discrepancies disappear. Entrepreneurs who rely solely on exploiting unpredictability might need to constantly identify new opportunities to stay ahead.
- Considerations: While unpredictability can create opportunities, it also increases risk.
- Central distinction: The advantages unpredictability offers entrepreneurship and arbitrage helps separate what otherwise becomes compressed inside Economic Stability.
- Best charitable version: The idea has to be made strong enough that criticism reaches the real view rather than a caricature.
- Pressure point: The vulnerability lies where the idea becomes ambiguous, overextended, or dependent on background assumptions.
- Future branch: The answer opens a path toward the next related question inside Economics.
Prompt 4: How might a sudden reducing in unpredictability emergent of AI advances affect fields that are highly dependent on unpredictability?
Broader Societal Impacts: practical stakes and consequences.
The section turns on Broader Societal Impacts. Each piece is doing different work, and the page becomes thinner if the reader cannot say what is being identified, what is being tested, and what would change if one piece were removed.
The central claim is this: Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) that lead to a sudden reduction in unpredictability could profoundly impact fields that traditionally rely on or benefit from unpredictability.
The anchors here are Broader Societal Impacts, Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is, and Entrepreneurship. Together they tell the reader what is being claimed, where it is tested, and what would change if the distinction holds. If the reader cannot say what confusion would result from merging those anchors, the section still needs more work.
This middle step carries forward the advantages unpredictability offers entrepreneurship and arbitrage. It shows what that earlier distinction changes before the page asks the reader to carry it any farther.
At this stage, the gain is not memorizing the conclusion but learning to think with Some economists suggest that high economic, Entrepreneurship, and Arbitrage. The question should remain open enough for revision but structured enough that disagreement is not mere drift. The economic pressure is incentives: moral hope, policy design, and human behavior have to be held in the same field of view.
The exceptional version of this answer should leave the reader with a sharper question than the one they brought in. If the central distinction cannot guide the next inquiry, the section has not yet earned its place.
AI’s ability to predict market movements with greater accuracy could lead to narrower arbitrage opportunities, as discrepancies in asset prices would be quickly identified and corrected. This would make it harder for traders to profit from market inefficiencies.
With AI providing more accurate forecasts of economic indicators, corporate earnings, and other market-moving information, financial markets may experience reduced volatility. While this could benefit long-term investors, it might disadvantage traders who rely on volatility to generate returns.
The predictability brought by AI advancements can allow for better risk management strategies in investment and finance, potentially leading to more stable financial systems. However, it could also lead to complacency if market participants overly rely on AI predictions.
In a world where market trends and consumer behaviors become more predictable, the competitive advantage may shift towards operational excellence and innovation in product development rather than agility and the ability to rapidly pivot. This could challenge startups and smaller firms that thrive on market fluidity.
Increased predictability would allow businesses to plan with greater confidence, reducing the risk associated with long-term investments and new ventures. However, it might also dampen the incentive for innovation if outcomes become too predictable.
AI that reduces unpredictability could help entrepreneurs and businesses identify new opportunities more systematically, potentially leveling the playing field for those with access to advanced predictive analytics.
In fields such as marketing, design, and entertainment, where trends and public tastes can be unpredictable, AI’s ability to anticipate changes could lead to more targeted and successful creative projects. However, it could also risk homogenizing content if creators overly rely on AI predictions to drive creative decisions.
Understanding audience preferences and future trends with greater accuracy could enhance the way creative industries engage with their audiences. This could lead to more personalized and appealing content but might also reduce the diversity of creative outputs.
Individuals and organizations could make decisions with a higher degree of confidence about the future, potentially leading to more efficient allocation of resources across various sectors.
The data required for AI to predict trends and behaviors could raise significant ethical and privacy concerns, particularly if predictive models rely on personal data to forecast individual choices and behaviors.
The value of skills related to navigating unpredictability (such as risk management and rapid problem-solving) might decrease relative to skills associated with implementing AI-driven insights.
As AI helps predict market trends, consumer behavior, and economic factors with more accuracy, businesses can make more informed decisions. This could lead to: Increased investment in long-term projects with a clearer picture of future returns. More calculated risks by entrepreneurs, potentially leading to a rise in successful startups.
AI could automate arbitrage strategies, constantly scanning for price discrepancies across markets and exploiting them much faster than humans. This could: Lead to smaller and shorter-lived price discrepancies as AI quickly eliminates them. Potentially benefit consumers by driving down prices due to increased market efficiency.
With fewer market gaps due to AI’s ability to predict consumer needs, there could be: Fewer opportunities for disruptive innovation as AI helps incumbents adapt to changing trends. A potential stifling of creativity as entrepreneurs have less space to identify unforeseen opportunities.
As AI automates arbitrage, human arbitrageurs may struggle to compete with the speed and efficiency of AI algorithms. This could lead to: A decline in human arbitrage activity, potentially reducing some market participants. A shift towards building and managing AI-powered arbitrage systems.
If businesses become overly reliant on AI predictions, they might miss out on unforeseen opportunities or fail to adapt to sudden changes AI couldn’t predict.
If AI’s decision-making process becomes opaque (a “black box”), it could be difficult to understand why it predicts certain outcomes. This lack of transparency could lead to a loss of trust in AI-driven economic forecasts.
- Broader Societal Impacts: In conclusion, while a sudden reduction in unpredictability due to AI advances could streamline decision-making and enhance efficiency in various fields, it also poses challenges related to innovation, privacy, and the potential homogenization of products and services.
- Central distinction: Economic Stability helps separate what otherwise becomes compressed inside Economic Stability.
- Best charitable version: The idea has to be made strong enough that criticism reaches the real view rather than a caricature.
- Pressure point: The vulnerability lies where the idea becomes ambiguous, overextended, or dependent on background assumptions.
- Future branch: The answer opens a path toward the next related question inside Economics.
Prompt 5: Discuss other sources of unpredictability such as corruption that factor into economic dynamics.
Environmental and Health Shocks: practical stakes and consequences.
The section turns on Environmental and Health Shocks. Each piece is doing different work, and the page becomes thinner if the reader cannot say what is being identified, what is being tested, and what would change if one piece were removed.
The central claim is this: Unpredictability in economic dynamics can arise from a multitude of sources beyond the typical market forces and external shocks.
The anchors here are Environmental and Health Shocks, Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is, and Entrepreneurship. Together they tell the reader what is being claimed, where it is tested, and what would change if the distinction holds. If the reader cannot say what confusion would result from merging those anchors, the section still needs more work.
By this point in the page, the earlier responses have already established the relevant distinctions. This final prompt gathers them into a closing judgment rather than ending with a disconnected last answer.
At this stage, the gain is not memorizing the conclusion but learning to think with Some economists suggest that high economic, Entrepreneurship, and Arbitrage. The question should remain open enough for revision but structured enough that disagreement is not mere drift. The economic pressure is incentives: moral hope, policy design, and human behavior have to be held in the same field of view.
One honest test after reading is whether the reader can use Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is to sort a live borderline case or answer a serious objection about Economic Stability. The answer should leave the reader with a concrete test, contrast, or objection to carry into the next case. That keeps the page tied to what the topic clarifies and what it asks the reader to hold apart rather than leaving it as a detached summary.
Corruption can lead to the misallocation of resources, as decisions may be made based on bribes or favoritism rather than economic efficiency or merit. This unpredictability affects investment decisions, with resources often directed towards less productive endeavors that are secured through corrupt practices.
Corruption introduces significant uncertainties in the cost of doing business, including the need for bribes, the unpredictability of regulatory enforcement, and the risk of contractual obligations being undermined by corrupt practices. This unpredictability can deter both domestic and foreign investments.
When corruption is pervasive, it erodes trust in institutions, which is crucial for economic stability. This can lead to a lack of confidence among investors and the public, fueling economic unpredictability and instability.
Frequent changes in government, policy reversals, and unpredictable regulatory environments can create a climate of uncertainty that affects economic decisions. Businesses may hesitate to invest or expand in such conditions, leading to stagnation or decline.
Political instability often leads to social unrest or conflict, which can have devastating effects on an economy. The unpredictability associated with such events can disrupt trade, destroy infrastructure, and lead to significant human and economic losses.
Rapid technological advancements can render existing products or services obsolete, introduce new competitors, and change market dynamics overnight. While innovation drives economic growth, the pace and direction of technological change can be highly unpredictable.
The unpredictability in the demand for certain skills, due to automation and new technologies, affects labor markets. Jobs may be lost in some sectors while new ones are created elsewhere, leading to transitional challenges and economic uncertainties.
The global interconnectedness of economies means that shocks in one part of the world can have ripple effects elsewhere, affecting trade flows, supply chains, and financial markets. The complexity and interdependence of global supply chains introduce significant unpredictability.
Global financial markets are interconnected, making them susceptible to contagion effects where financial instability in one country or region can quickly spread to others. The volatile nature of capital flows adds another layer of unpredictability.
Events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and long-term shifts due to climate change can have profound effects on economic structures, leading to significant unpredictability in affected areas.
As demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, health crises can lead to unprecedented economic disruptions globally, affecting everything from global supply chains to local businesses and employment.
Corruption can create an uneven playing field, where businesses win contracts or gain access to resources not based on merit, but on bribes or connections. This discourages honest competition and investment in innovation.
When resources are allocated based on corrupt practices instead of economic efficiency, it leads to misallocation of capital and hinders economic growth.
Foreign and domestic investors are less likely to invest in countries with high levels of corruption. The unpredictable nature of the business environment, where rules can be bent for the well-connected, discourages investment and limits access to capital.
Corruption often involves unofficial payments or bribes to navigate bureaucracy. This adds an extra layer of cost and uncertainty to business transactions, further discouraging investment.
Corrupt officials might prioritize enriching themselves through short-term schemes rather than investing in long-term economic development. This can lead to neglect of infrastructure, education, and other factors crucial for long-term growth.
In a corrupt environment, innovation can be stifled. Businesses may be less likely to invest in research and development if they fear their ideas will be stolen or copied through corrupt means.
Political instability, wars, and international conflicts can have a significant impact on economies. These events are often unpredictable and can disrupt trade flows, investment, and overall economic activity.
- Environmental and Health Shocks: While some sources of unpredictability like corruption directly undermine economic efficiency and fairness, others such as technological innovation and global interdependencies are inherent to the dynamic nature of modern economies.
- Central distinction: Economic Stability helps separate what otherwise becomes compressed inside Economic Stability.
- Best charitable version: The idea has to be made strong enough that criticism reaches the real view rather than a caricature.
- Pressure point: The vulnerability lies where the idea becomes ambiguous, overextended, or dependent on background assumptions.
- Future branch: The answer opens a path toward the next related question inside Economics.
The through-line is Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is, Entrepreneurship, Arbitrage, and Considerations.
A good route is to identify the strongest version of the idea, then test where it needs qualification, evidence, or a neighboring concept.
The main pressure comes from treating a useful distinction as final, or treating a local insight as if it solved more than it actually solves.
The anchors here are Some economists suggest that high economic predictability is, Entrepreneurship, and Arbitrage. Together they tell the reader what is being claimed, where it is tested, and what would change if the distinction holds.
Read this page as part of the wider Economics branch: the prompts point inward to the topic, but they also point outward to neighboring questions that keep the topic honest.
- How does corruption affect market efficiency?
- What is a consequence of corruption on the cost and risks associated with doing business?
- How does political instability introduce unpredictability into the economy?
- Which distinction inside Economic Stability is easiest to miss when the topic is explained too quickly?
- What is the strongest charitable reading of this topic, and what is the strongest criticism?
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Future Branches
Where this page naturally expands
Nearby pages in the same branch include Economics – Core Concepts, What is Economics?, Schools of Economic Thought, and Micro/Macro Economics; those links are not decorative, but suggested continuations where the pressure of this page becomes sharper, stranger, or more usefully contested.